ساختارهای زیر نشان میدهد با درک یک طرف، طرف دیگر نیز درک میشود. چون A و B به یک معنا به کار میروند:

• A refers to/means/ represents/ stands for / is referred to/ is known as / is called / B.
• A is ….. that/which/who …
• A, namely, B
• A, i.e. B
• A that is B
• A or B.

علامتگذاری هم تا حد زیادی کمک میکند. در مثال های زیر هر دو کلمه به یک معنی به کار میروند:

• A, B, …
• A – B - …
• A (B)

IELTS EXAMPLE

Echolocation, also called bisonar, is a different form of sensory perception. A dolphin, for example, sends out a series of short clicks and waits for an echo to be reflected back from the obstacle or prey. Both the size and distance of an object can be determined from the echo. The clicks, known as ultrasound, consist of high pitch (frequency) sound waves, well above the range of the human ear, and distinct from the low pitched whale song. Whilst there is evidence supporting the use of ultrasound by whales, it has not been shown that they can use echolocation. Instead, the clicks might serve to scare and control shoals of small fish on which some whales prey.

متن بالا از کتاب آیلتس گرفته شده است. آیا میتوانید معنای کلمات مشخص شده را حدس بزنید؟

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