آموزش گرامر Past perfect – درس سی و دوم

آموزش گرامر Past perfect – درس سی و دوم

آیا می دانید از عباراتی مانند They'd finished the project by March or Had you finished work when I called استفاده کنید، به این مثال ها توجه کنید تا بدانید چگونه از گذشته کامل (past perfect) استفاده کنید.

Past Perfect

He couldn't make a sandwich because he'd forgotten to buy bread.

The hotel was full, so I was glad that we'd booked in advance.

My new job wasn't exactly what I’d expected.

فهرست عناوین

Time up to a point in the past

ما از گذشته ی کامل (had + past participle) برای صحبت درباره ی رسیدن به موقعیتی زمانی در گدشته استفاده می شود

Time up to a point in the past
had + past participle

She'd published her first poem by the time she was eight.

We'd finished all the water before we were halfway up the mountain.

Had the parcel arrived when you called yesterday?


گذشته ی کامل برای ابتدای دو عمل در گذشته

از گدشته ی کامل برای نشان دادن ترکیب دو اتفاق در گذشته استفاده می شود، گذشته ی کامل عمل اول و گذشته ی ساده عمل بعدی را نشان می دهد.

Past perfect for the earlier of two past actions

past perfect

When the police arrived, the thief had escaped.

It doesn't matter in which order we say the two events. The following sentence has the same meaning.

The thief had escaped when the police arrived.

این نکته را به خار داشته باشید که اگر یک عمل باشد نباید از گذشته ی کامل استفاده کرد حتی اگر عمل در زمانی بسیار دور اتفاق افتاده باشد.

The Romans spoke Latin. (NOT The Romans had spoken Latin.)

Past perfect with before

می توانیم از گدشته ی کامل همراه با before در جمله استفاده کنیم که نشان می دهد کار زمانی که گذشته ی ساده به وقوع پیوسته است، کامل نبوده.

Past perfect with before

past perfect

They left before I'd spoken to them.

Sadly, the author died before he'd finished the series.

Adverbs - قیدها

به طور معمول همراه با گدشته ی کامل از قیدهای already (= 'before the specified time'), still (= as previously), just (= 'a very short time before the specified time'), ever (= 'at any time before the specified time') or never (= 'at no time before the specified time') نیز استفاده می کنیم.

Past Perfect
Adverbs

I called his office but he'd already left.

It still hadn't rained at the beginning of May.

I went to visit her when she'd just moved to Berlin.

It was the most beautiful photo I'd ever seen.

Had you ever visited London when you moved there?

I'd never met anyone from California before I met Jim.

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