در جملات حال استمراری و گذشته استمراری نیز بکار رود که در این حالت می توان ضمیر موصولی مربوطه را به همراه فعل 'بودن' حذف کرد.
The man who is sitting there is my father.
The man sitting there is my father.
Whom
معادل که او را - که به او- که آنها را - که به آنها
اشاره به انسان می کند و حالت مفعولی دارد.
بعد از آن از فاعل استفاده می شود زیرا خودش حالت مفعولی دارد.
The man whom you invited to dinner was mad.
بعضی از افعال دارای حرف اضافه خاصی هستند واگر در جمله ای که دارای ضمیر دارای حرف اضافه مخصوص باشد، این حرف اضافه به دو طریق در جمله بکار می رود:
The girl whom you spoke with was very beautiful.
The girl with whom you spoke was very beautiful.
حالت مفعولی دارد و می توان آن را حذف کرد.
whom
She is the same girl whom we saw at the party last night.
She is the same girl we saw at the party last night.
Which
معادل 'که' در زبان فارسی است.
اشاره به اشیا می کند.
دارای حالت فاعلی و مفعولی است یعنی بعد از آن فعل یا فاعل بکار می رود.
پیش از آن حروف اضافه های مختلفی می تواند بکار رود.
The book which is on the desk is very expensive.
The chair on which you are sitting is very comfortable.
The pen with which you write is not good.
This is the class in which I teach every day.
This is the book about which everyone is talking.
This is the book which everyone is talking about.
در حالت مفعولی، این ضمیر را نیز می توان حذف کرد.
The book which I bought last night was very interesting.
The book I bought last night is very interesting.
Whose
مالکیت را می رساند.
هم برای اشیاء و هم برای حیوانات و انسان بکار می رود.
بعد از آن همیشه اسم بکار می رود.
The man whose house caught fire died last night.
This is the same student whose book I found.
That
در موارد زیر بکار می رود:
هنگامی که در جمله صفت عالی باشد:
This is the best film that I have ever seen.
هنگامی که در جمله اعداد ترتیبی باشد:
This is the second time that I make a mistake.
هنگامی که با ضمایر مبهم همراه شود:
When you buy a book, do you buy the one that makes you laugh?
There is something that I must talk about.
What
اشاره به مرجع نمی کند یعنی اصولاً مرجع نداشته و مشخص نیست که مرجع آن مذکر است یا مونث و معادل آن با کلمه 'آنچه' یا 'آنچه را که' در زبان فارسی شناخته می شود.
Do you understand what he is talking about?
I don’t know what he bought for her birthday.
When
حرف ربط دال بر زمان است.
Today is the day when we celebrate our Independence Day.
Where
حرف ربط دال بر مکان است.
Can you recommend a good restaurant where we can have traditional food?
Why
حرف ربط دال بر دلیل و چرایی است.
I don’t understand the reason why he left the party early.
نکته! پس از حروف اضافه، ضمیر موصولی مناسب برای افراد و اشیا به شکل زیر می باشد:
The students, the majority of whom were angry, poured into streets.
The cars, most of which had brake problems, were recalled to the company.
An SAT Example:
Planned obsolescence, a practice at which products are designed to have a limited period of usefulness, has been a cornerstone of manufacturing strategy for the past 80 years.
A) No Change
B) from which
C) so that
D) whereby
Answer: D
With respect to the content of the sentence, a relative pronoun such as “whereby” can fit best. Other synonyms such as “by which” and “through which” could apply as well.